instruments used in chain surveying pdf

If the plot for surveying has numerous obstacles and undulations which prevents chaining. 100.5 m. 100.3 m. 100.1 m. 99.9 m. Answer (Detailed Solution Below) The whole of the work is done with the chain and tape. A chain line is run through the center of area which divided into a no. 3.1 Metric Chain. Revenue Chain. There are two major types of stations in chain surveying: 1. Measuring instruments used for surveying. Chain or tape, Arrows, Pegs, Ranging rods, Offset rods, Laths or whites, Plumb bob, Cross staff and Mallet. Pole (surveying) Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying instruments. Ranging rod. Surveyor's chain. Tachymeter (surveying) Tape (surveying) Tellurometer. vrvagadia says: March 30, 2016 at 3:14 am. The various instrument used for the determination of the length of the line by chaining are as follows Metric surveying chain Tapes Arrows Pegs Ranging rods Offset rods The chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. Offset Staff / Rods. The following pdf lecture is created by GAURAV. In the chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation, etc. This survey is carried out to locate the boundaries of a field and to determine its area. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Surveying has been important since the beginning of civilization. Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. NORTH, CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA, APAC. Tachymeter Instruments for Chaining: The various instruments used for the Classification Based On Instrument Used i. Chain/Tape Survey: This is the simple method of taking the linear measurement using a chain or tape with no angular measurements made. lab #3: survey of an area by chain survey (closed traverse) 8 lab #4: chaining across obstacles 10 lab #5: chain surveying (mapping by tape) 15 lab #6: study of level and levelling staff 18 lab Triangulation is the principle of chain surveying. Procedure for carrying out chain survey 4-16. Compass Survey. The surveying activities are. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. The path length of chain or tape depends on the steepness of the ground. of an actual chain made of individual links. The aim of surveying is to prepare a map to show the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth. Based on the instrument used; surveys can be classified into; i) Chain tape surveys ii) Compass surveys iii) Plane table surveys iv) Theodolite surveys

Write the different As it is inconvenient to measure the stadia interval The horizontal distances are usually measured with a measuring tape or chain. Range Rod (Ranging Rod). It is composed of 100 links, with a link being 0.66 feet or 7.92 A Transit is a surveying instrument having a horizontal circle divided into degrees, minutes, and seconds. Compass Survey. No matter how accurately angles may be measured, the survey can be no more precise than the chaining. This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard. It is used in surveying to establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to establish a point at a given elevation relative to a datum. Early chains were wood; later ones were made of iron. Chain Surveying - Instruments used in Chaining - Engineering Basic Leveling: the instrument has to be leveled if it is used as in hand or mounted over a tripod. Measurements would then be recorded until an endpoint was met. The length of the chain is 66 feet. Analog or digital tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. The measurements in chain surveying are linear- angular measurements are not considered. Moreover, it provides fairly accurate result provided that the work is conducted carefully. Chain surveying is suitable for small areas with few details. Part 650 Engineering Field Handbook Chapter 1 Surveying 1viii (210VIEFH, October 2008) Figure 114 Calculating horizontal latitude and longitude coordinates 126 from survey data Figure 115 Distance measured as either horizontal or slope distance 126 Figure 116 Odometer wheel 127 Figure 117 Breaking chain 128 Figure 118 Digital laser EDM 130

Here only linear measurements are made i.e. as per below finger 3.4 Engineers Chain.

Engineers chain. Contact your account representative. Harikesh Yadav May 30, 2017. Procedure. Chain, 20m or 30m long. Invented by the English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the early 17th century, Gunters chain is exactly 22 yards (about 20 m) long and divided into 100 links. is attached to facilitate reading. As follows. One Link = .66' Figure 1: Surveyors Chain The early surveyors chain used the English length of 8. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING 1.1. Similar to the ranging rod, they are usually 3 m long and is divided into 3.5 Revenue 4. Determine natural features of a country such as hills, valleys, lakes woods etc. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. It consists an upper clamp screw and tangent screws. On-chain surveying, we follow triangulation methods. Main stations are the end of lines that determine the boundary of the surveying. Ranging rod. Surveyor Semester 2 Module 2: Theodolite Survey Reviewed and updated on: 01st November 2019 Version 1.1 NIMI Question Bank Page 5 of 26 A: Single plane method B: Double plane method C: Single plane, height of instrument are same D: Single plane, height of instrument different level 44 : What is the position of instrument in trigonometric levelling? 2. SURVEY 1 PRACTICAL REPORT ON LINEAR MEASUREMENT AND LEVELLING Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Here are 5 of the earliest surveying tools: 1. Pages: 170. In 1620 an English mathematician and astronomer named Edmund Gunter described a surveyor's chain with 100 links, measuring 66 feet (22 yards or 4 poles) overall. Engineers Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineers chain. 1.4. regardless of the survey instrument or method used. A good knowledge of chain surveying is therefore essential to a proper knowledge of surveying as a This is the instrument used for setting out right angles to a chain It is also called the band chain and is used for accurate survey work. It shows the natural features of a country, such as towns, villages, roads, railways, rivers, etc. provided with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with a swivel joint so that the chain can be turned without twisting. f In The pegs are made up with wood and they used to mark the survey positions or terminals. Gnters Chain. #civilengineering #civil #surveying #chainsurvey #practical #fieldwork #instrumentsusedinchainsurveying It is most suitable for small and medium scale-mapping (1:10000 to 1:250000). These variances are known as errors and will need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain specific survey standards.

The distances determined by chaining form the basis of all surveying. Plotting work with conventional signs QUESTIONS 4 Chapter 5 CROSS STAFF CHAIN SURVEYING AND INSTRUMENTS 5-1. Full PDF Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying instruments. (iii) About one dozen ranging rods (the are done in the office. Arrows (Arrows in Surveying). The map is drawn to some suitable scale. Describe the importance of surveying 3. know the application of surveying in environmental health activities. #1. Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral Survey. as a' b' = ab = i. Surveying done by a magnetic bearing compass instrument using a traverse method of calculation is known as compass surveying.

9 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surveying instruments. An early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angles and establish lines of sight by employing peep sights. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: 1.

(ii) A metallic tape 20 m or 30 m in length. General 5-2.

PLANE TABLE One of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping. Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and diagrams. 2 Parts of Chains used in Surveying. 3. The main advantage of plane table surveying is that the topographic features to be mapped are in full view. The plane table is an instrument used for surveying by a graphical method in which the field work and plotting are done simultaneously. 2. Ranging Rods 5.

5. It is denoted by K and thus d = K.s ----- Equation (23.1) The horizontal distance (D) between the center of the instrument and the station point (Q) at which the staff is held is d + f + c. What are the instruments used for a chain surveying? Chain 2. The follower holds the zero end of the chain at P and directs the leader at P1 to be in the line of PQ and stretch the chain or tape above the ground in horizontal line. In the device, each link is a solid bar. What Instruments are Used in Chain Surveying? Updated 2017/07/30 at 5:12 PM. Define surveying and other technical terms 2. The following are among the most important instruments which are used in Chain surveying: Chain ; Arrows; Pegs; Ranging rods; Offset rods; Plasters laths and whites; Plumb Tape. Photographic and Aerial Surveys. Instruments used in Surveying. P and Q are two points at equal distances from O. the distance between OP and OQ can be conveniently chosen. Angles fixed by tie measurements or linear are known as chain angles. surveying, a means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earths surfaces. Even when carefully following established surveying procedures, observations may still contain errors. The source of the term "chain" is frequently used in tape and steel tape measurements in surveying. 1. All the ten bases of great trigonometrical survey of india were measured with the Colbys apparatus. Land Survey can be further divided into: 1. Transits are used to measure horizontal and vertical angles.

BASIC SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS NAME: GUNTER'S CHAIN/SURVEYORS Pegs. are done in the office. ii. These surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas. The following instruments are used while chaining: 1. As the name itself suggests, the compass is used for the purpose of the survey. 3 Types of Chain in Surveying. Chain or This chain consisted of 100 links and can reach up to about 66 feet. The brass handles in swivel joint are provided at the ends. In general, surveying can be broken down into two general types: plane surveying and geodetic surveying. It is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made, no angular measurements are This was designed by Major General Colby.

AIM : Locating various object by chain & cross staff survey APPARATUS: Chain, Ranging rod, Arrows, Cross-staff, Metallic Survey (Tape) THEORY: Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument

Tie Chains and Tapes. Introduction Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Basic principle 5-4. Preparation of surveys and related mapping specifications . Contact Us. Classification on the Basis of Instruments Used. To attach the theodolite to the tripod. (530) 225-8155 inquiry@surveying.com. 2. Hammer. Chain . Want to learn more? Chain Surveying: Its Procedure, Instruments, and Principles. Surveying is classified based on various criteria including the instruments used, purpose, the area surveyed and the method used. Tapes 4. Surveying is classified based on various criteria including the instruments used, purpose, the area surveyed and the method used. 4.

Offset Rods. The ratio (f / i) is a constant orf a particular instrument and is known as stadia interval factor, also instrument constant. Levelling is a process of determining the height of one level relative to another. LOWER PLATE: It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw. Main stations. Wooden or Iron Pegs. Walk the whole area and thoroughly examine the ground, note the position of Offset Rod 6. Offset Rods. Various methods used for linear measurements may be grouped as: (i) Approximate (ii) Using chain or tape (iii) By optical means and (iv) Using electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. Theodolite Survey. 2. Arrows. The purpose of this kind of simplification is to reduce the complexity in the subsequent processing of the survey data. CUSTOMER SERVICE. Cloth or linen tape Instruments used in Chain Survey. 3.3 Gunters Chain or Surveyors Chain. The horizontal Procedure of Chain Surveying In Chain Surveying, the whole area to be surveyed is divided into framework of triangles of suitable sizes. Network of triangles is selected as these are simple geometrical figures which can be easily plotted with the measurements of its sides only. The following instruments are used while chaining: Chains; Tapes; Arrows; Ranging rods and offset rods; Pegs; Plumb-bob . Triangulation requires that the area to be surveyed should be divided into number of small triangles. Rods are commonly used in early highway right-of way descriptions. Colby apparatus-. 3.1.2.5 Setups Tripod: Tripod is also required for plain table survey. 12.1.1 Approximates Methods of Linear Measurements These methods are used in reconnaissance survey or to detect major mistakes committed while measuring with No angle measuring instrument is used, and the directions of the lines are fixed entirely by liner measurements. 2. 1.2.1. Instruments for setting out perpendiculars 5-4-1.Chain or tape 5-4-2. Share. Classification on the Basis of Instruments Used. 2Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk) 3. chain consists of 100 links each one a foot long and at every 10 links a tally. Object of surveying. The equipment required in chain surveying includes the following: (i) A chain with a set of ten arrows. It consists of an iron and brass bar each 10 ft 1.5 in long, fixed together at the middle by means of two steel pins. A rod is 1/4 of a chain or 16.5 feet. Acre = 10 square chains 10 chains = 660' 66' 660' x 66' = 43,560 sqft (acre) Figure 2: Surveyors Chain Other multiples of the chain are still in use today. The Earliest Surveying Instruments. H

precision, a chain can be used, but for higher precision a tape or special bar can be used. AIM : Locating various object by chain & cross staff survey APPARATUS: Chain, Ranging rod, Arrows, Cross-staff, Metallic Survey (Tape) THEORY: Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i.e taking offsets from a chain line. Here only Ranging rods. Descriptive cross-sectional survey research was used in collecting data at one point in time for a sample selected to represent a larger population. Classes of Survey-Based on Instrument. A path of chain or tape is stretched out from P. Plane Surveying Plane surveying simplifies the survey in that it treats the surface as a flat plane. Classification Based On Instrument Used i. Chain/Tape Survey: This is the simple method of 1 link is equal to 1/100 of a chain or 7.92 inches. UPPER PLATE: The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two verniers. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST, AFRICA. Tapes are made of different materials: 1. Plane table Survey. 1. 30 To support the main part of the instrument. Execution of photogrammetric and field surveys for the collection of required data including topographic and hydrographic data, 3. Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and diagrams. Which method is more accurate in plain table and chain survey. The main pieces of surveying equipment in use around the world are the following: theodolite, measuring tape, total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Plumb In survey, a theodolite is an instrument mounted with a moveable telescope, used for precise measurements of horizontal and vertical angles. instrument from the case, carefully grip it with both hands, but do not grip the vertical circle standard or where pressure will be exerted on tubular or circular level vials. The surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, survey or prepares index sketch or key plan. Holding the ends of chain or tape at P and Q, take the middle point of the tape and pull it strait so that there are equal length of the tape on each side and the chain or Arrows 3. It is 20 or 30 m long and is made from ribbon of steel 16 mm wide. It has a vertical circle or arc. The Gunters chain is 1/80th of a mile or 66 feet long. surveyors chain, also called Gunters chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in English-speaking countries. The angle of two lines would be derived by using a magnetic meridian reference line (magnetic bearing of a line). If the surveying area is large, chain surveying is not adopted for surveying rather compass surveying is employed. 2. Chain traversing (by chain angle)-In this method. TYPES OF LEVEL INSTRUMENTS The level is an instrument with a telescope and bubble tube which is used for measuring differences in elevation between various points. O is the point on the chain line MN where a perpendicular line is to be erected. It includes the determination of the measurement data, the reduction and interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative position and size according to given measurement requirements.

In practice, the links are pinned to the ground and were stretched out to define a path. Types of Surveys: Geodetic Surveying: The type of surveying that takes into account Chain surveying is one of the methods of land surveying. Metric chain. Plane Surveying: The type of surveying in which the mean surface Pages in category "Surveying instruments" Groma (surveying) Gunter's chain; Gyrotheodolite; H. Heliotrope (instrument) Hilger & Watts; I. Inclinometer; Invar; J. Jacob's staff; L. Laser level; Laser line level; Tripod is used to fix the drawing board. III. Gunters Chain. Author: Dr. D. Tamil Mani, Dr. V. M. Abdul Hakkim. Civil Engineering-Surveying and Leveling 362 Important MCQ PDF. View surveying LAB1.pdf from MATH MISC at Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges, Gen. Santos City. Cross staff. The most common surveyors chain was 66 feet long and made up of 100 links. Supply Chain - India - Supply Chain - India Allogistx International Inc. 2130 Huntington Drive suit 205 South Pasadena, CA 91030 info@Allogistx.com Office: 323.254.9550 | PowerPoint PPT and also arterial features such as roads, buildings, canals, towns etc. it is easier and quicker method ,but not very accurate .if In plane table surveying the fieldwork and plotting is done using a graphical method. This is suitable for the survey of small areas with simple details and an area The dioptra, which was perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Chain Survey Linear surveying which include the use of chain or tape to measure distances Is conducted using different lengths of chains specifically It is mostly adapted for small and medium-scale mapping where great accuracy is not required. Some of the important equipment used in surveying include theodolite, compass, auto-level, chains, tapes, leveling staff, total station, etc. Below is a summary of eight different types of surveying equipment and their uses: 1. These triangles should be Compass Surveying: In this surveying, a compass is used to determine the direction of survey lines, and the length of survey lines is measured by a chain or tape. Most survey instruments screw onto a tripod when in use. Chain Survey. Reply. TYPES OF LEVEL INSTRUMENTS The level is an instrument with a telescope and bubble tube which is used for measuring differences in elevation between various points. Types of Measuring Tapes in Surveying . Chain or Tape. Plane table is used for the purpose. 4-14. From determining property boundaries to preparing construction sites, surveyors rely on certain equipment to do their jobs properly. A furlong, used in horse racing, is 10 chains, or 660 feet. Surveying MCQ Question 10. These units of measurement can still be found in many older deeds on record at the courthouse. Steel band chain. There are three basic types of level instruments, namely: 1) Dumpy Levels 2) Engineers Tilting Levels Instruments used in this method are required to have provision for the measurement of the variable interval between the stadia hairs.

#1. Plane Tabling. Thus, surveying has two similar but opposite Besides these, the other drawing instruments like a pencil, rubber, scales, etc., are also required for plane table survey. Instruments Used for Measuring Distance: 1. Direct Method | Chain Surveying. surveying, some operations of chain surveying occur in other methods of surveying. 2. Tie (Subsidiary) Stations. 10. Based on the Surveyor's compass. iv) Archeological survey is carried out to discover and map ancient/relies of antiquity.

instruments used in chain surveying pdf

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