Documents, broadsides, letters, and other manuscripts concerning witchcraft and witchcraft trials in Europe, mainly in Germany, through the early modern period, with a few documents from New England. Over an extended period these trial resulted in the executions of around 1,000 people. This list includes a selection of events, people, books and more directly and indirectly related to the Witch Hunts. During the trials he became one of the primary witch-hunters that accused and prosecuted some 306 persons between 1587 and 1594. 6 people confessed against Junius . Which of the following is a primary source of information? Above: Newes from Scotland, a contemporary pamphlet dealing with the North Berwick witch trials. "Evil People" : A Comparative Study of Witch Hunts in Swabian Austria and the Electorate of Trier.
This one is interesting because it involves King James VI of Scotland, later I of England. Trier (1581-1593) The Trier witch trials that occurred in Germany were by far one of the biggest in Europe. Trials at Innsbruck (1485) Discovery of the Americas (1492) Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) . It was the last mass trial of sorcery and witchcraft in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1400 to 1782, when Switzerland tried and executed Europe's last supposed witch, between 40,000 and 60,000 people were put to death for witchcraft, according to historical consensus.
Here are our sources: Secondary Sources. Religion motivated both acts: In Salem, colonists had left the Church of England and taken up Puritanism, a religion by which they wanted everyone to abide. When he took power in 1581, he ordered the purging of Jews, Protestants, and witches. It belonged to the largest witch trials in history, among the largest during the Thirty Years' War, and one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Trier witch trials, the Fulda witch trials, and the Wrzburg witch trial.
Trials (Heresy) History to 1500. London: Athlone, 2002. London: Athlone, 2002. One was pressed to death by heavy stones.
That there is no sexual intercourse between the Devil and human beings. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum The Witch-Cult Hypothesis and the Suppression of Paganism "It is impossible to understand the witch-cult without first understanding the position of the chief personage of that cult. The Northamptonshire witch trials took place on July 22, 1612, and saw the execution of five men and women for the charges of witchcraft ranging from the bewitching of pigs to murder. Sample results. A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft.The classical period of witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America took place in the Early Modern period or about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, resulting in an estimated 35,000 to 50,000 executions.
In Scotland, the main phases of the witchcraze were the late 1620s, the late 1640s and 1661-2. 1 (April 2005): 19-36.
Trier: Germany, 1581 - 1593. Being accused of witchcraft is problematic at the best of times, but in the 1500s and 1600s -- at the height of the witch hysteria, it was downright deadly.
During this period Europe was in a state of instability, therefore money, and exploration was important to many. The motives behind this massive witch-purging were likely political. "Getting Shot of Elves: Healing, Witchcraft and Fairies in the Scottish Witchcraft Trials." Folklore 116, no. Book Sources: Witchcraft in Europe A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. That spirit and form apart from matter cannot be seen by man. The accounts of early pamphlets were usually based on transcribed legal documents. Between the year 1431 to 1437, Duke
Here, they are grouped according to the following categories: .
The Bideford witch trial resulted in hangings for witchcraft in England. A general overview, with some links on the history of witchcraft. The Wrzburg witch trials of 1625-1631, which took place in the self-governing Catholic Prince-Bishopric of Wrzburg in the Holy Roman Empire in present-day Germany, is one of the biggest mass trials and mass executions ever seen in Europe, and one of the biggest witch trials in history. When it was all over, 141 suspects, both men and women, were tried as witches.Nineteen were executed by hanging.
Primary Sources Secondary Sources . Charlottesville: University of . An eyewitness to persecutions, canon Linden of Trier, Germany states that people used the trials for economic enhancement. Witch-like figures in early history and literature abound. However, witch trials are not a thing of the past. From the 1590s, they became more literary with increasing amounts of narrative and a greater focus on the suffering of . Much of the evidence against them was hearsay, although there was a confession by . Four women and one man were hanged at the Abington gallows for their crimes. This article discusses the history of Russian witchcraft trials, which were characterized by a high percentage of men among the accused, relatively infrequent discussion of diabolism, and harsh, inquisitorial legal procedures. Executions for witchcraft were much less common in England, Russia, and Southern Europe (Italy, Spain, and Portugal). P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor, eds. The Witch Trials. Click the title for location and availability information. The first English witchcraft pamphlet that we know of was published in 1566; they stopped in 1597 and didn't re-emerge as a genre until 1612. One of the largest witch trials in European history started in the rural diocese of Trier in 1581, eventually reaching the city itself six years later. They formed one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials, the Wrzburg witch trial, and the Bamberg witch trials. Several primary sources discussing the persecution of witches in Trier (Western Germany).
Scotland itself saw about 4,000 people burned alive at the stake for witchcraft, an enormous number . 11. Witch trials were most common in Central Europe, in Germany, France, Switzerland, and what is now Belgium. This page is from Hanover College's Internet Archive of Texts and Documents, which we no longer actively maintain. Famous Witch Trials The period of witch trials from the 16th to 18th centuries was one of the darkest chapters in human history. His diagnosis of bewitchment put into motion the forces that would ultimately result in the hanging deaths of 19 men and women. The region was gripped by a terrible blight on crops, and the public readily blamed their troubles on the evildoing of witches. The collection documents the earliest and the latest manifestations of the belief in witchcraft as well as its geographical boundaries, and . The Witches 1697. Perhaps most significantly, the former did not in general serve competitive ends by executing witchprosecutors' confessional rivals. A Treatise of Witchcraft. Loos, Cornelius, approximately 1546-1595. Although it appears he had success in 1488 in Trier and Metz, and again in Nuremberg in 1491, it appears that Jacob Sprenger silenced him, at least in Germany (Jerouschek, 1991). Witch trials were somewhat less common in Scotland, Scandinavia, and Poland.
The archives of the ancient Duchy of Lorraine contain an exceptionally rich set of witchcraft trials, with full documentation surviving for about 400 cases. a. Witchcraft can be sewed into clothes A woman is accused of witchcraft, . As the witch hunts progressed and the accused were tortured to name other witches, more and more men and upper class people were implicated (Midelfort 179). The Salem witch trials of the 1690s have an iconic place in American lore. Still, European witch trials and these . [1]" Witchcraft Trials in Seventeenth-Century Russia 1189 drought.
Hall, Alaric. A plaque commemorating the executions on the wall of Rougemont Castle in Exeter. That neither devils nor witches can raise tempests, rain, storms, hailstorms, and the like, and that the things said about these are mere dreams. Dillinger, Johannes. Witch trials, a series of hearings whereby courts would decide on whether the accused was in fact a witch and should be punished, have had many explanations ascribed to them. Individual Cases. When we think about hysterical witch hunts and the fury of a frenzied mob, our thoughts go to the events in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. What surprised you about this source? Potts, Thomas. These writings, by the "Anonymous of Arras" (believed to be the trial judge Jacques du Bois) and the intellectual Johannes Tinctor, offer valuable . Roberts, Alexander. sources, while "witchcraft" is frequently rendered as koldovstvo or charodeistvo. (Ithaca/New York) sowie an der Stadtbibliothek Trier; mit einem Inventar ', Kurtrierisches Jahrbuch, 47 (2007), 447-89.
In January of 1692, the daughter and niece of Reverend Samuel Parris of Salem Village became ill. William Griggs, the village doctor, was called in when they failed to improve. Instead of considering natural causes or the mistakes of politicians, people would blame mysterious witches, in league with the Devil, for these misfortunes. A similar incident took place in Rostov in 1071 where a number of . In response to The Hammer of Witches and the papal bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII, major witch hunts broke out in Europe. Malleus Malificarum and using the Samuel Wyllys papers focusing on the trials of . Although the trials in Franconia, including Eichsttt, and Swabian Ellwangen have been regarded together as "the absolute peak of . Accusations of witchcraft required no evidence of guilt. The Discovery of Witches. In this comprehensive primary source reader, Martha Rampton traces the history of our fascination with magic and witchcraft from the first through to the seventeenth century. Witchcraft in Trier Trier witch trials (1581-1593), the . The great age of witch trials, which ran between 1550 and 1700, fascinates and repels in equal measure. The Doruchw witch trial was a witch trial which took place in the village of Doruchw in Poland in the 18th century. Trials (Witchcraft) History to 1500. These writings, by the "Anonymous of Arras" (believed to be the trial judge Jacques du Bois) and the intellectual Johannes Tinctor, offer valuable . Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The Witch of Endor from the Bible, Circe from the Odyssey, Morgan le Fay of Arthurian myth, Prospero and the Weird Sisters from Shakespeare are among the most prominent. Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational purposes and personal use. 12. 1647. witchcraft. According to witch-hunters during the height of the witch trials, a witches' mark (also called a Devil's mark or a witches' teat) was sufficient indication that an individual was a witch. (Hutton Counting the Witch Hunt). The motives behind this massive witch-purging. In 1600, the entire Pappenheimer family was tried and executed for witchcraft in Bavaria, Germany in one of the worst examples of the excesses of the witch craze in Germany. From an economics standpoint, these focus on them being a response to falling incomes. In Spain, the Catholic Church sought heretics for punishment, and in . The Northamptonshire trials marked a significant turning point in the attitudes .
Now, harboring a mysterious newborn, she could lose her life. Discovery of Witches by fl. Sources for Salem Witch Hunt: Primary Source: Letters from the Witch Trial of Rebecca Lemp: a family deals with accusations. Then, especially in the years 1628-1630, a new wave of witch hunts broke out in the Holy Roman Empire . Kieckhefer, R. (1976), European witch trials: their foundations in popular and learned culture, 1300 . In the 1990s, useful historical material was not easy to find online. Off campus access instructions (for e-books) A Collection of Rare and Curious Tracts on Witchcraft and the Second Sight; with an original essay on witchcraft by David Webster Michael Akita, II G-HI 130 Introductory Methods for Historical Analysis Primary Documents Summis desiderantes 1. . and trans., The Russian Primary Chronicle (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), 134, 151-52.
The witch trials of North Berwick are particularly noteworthy due to the sheer number of 'witches', the consensus being around 70, that were tried from such a tiny and seemingly insignificant town in Scotland, on this single occasion. The economic scene at the time of the witch craze was very apparent during the period between 1480-1700. b) A photograph taken at an event.
Lots of the sources in this resource are legal documents that relate to witchcraft trials. Witchcraft in Trier The Salem witch trials of the 1690s have an iconic place in American lore. Ankarloo, Bengt, et al. Indeed, charges of witchcraft and trials of suspected witches are increasing. In February 1692 a girl became ill, and at the same time her playmates also exhibited unusual behavior. Trials (Heresy) History to 1500.
The 55 year old mayor of Bamberg, liked by the people and supposedly considered an enemy to no one. The Bamberg Witch Trials. Antoninus, Florentinus, Summa theologica, . Heritage Images/Getty Images / Getty Images. However, if one really wants to see where hatred and fear . Church leaders coveting rich property, neighbors with . Primary source material on the history of European witch trials, including: Hopkins, Matthew. A massive annotated listing of recent publications in the area can be found at the Witchcraft Bibliography site Primary sources, with a focus on trials in Germany, and some witchcraft literature .
The Witch Trials - Trier Witch Trials (Germany, 1581 - 1593), Magic & Healing Crystals, Metals, and Gemstones, Witchcraft Across the World - Near and Middle East.
A general overview, with some links on the history of witchcraft. According to author Carol F. Karlsen . .
The Period of the Witch Trials. History . Over the course of a century and a half, 80,000 people were tried for witchcraft and half of . Ankarloo, Bengt, et al. It thus marks the end point of the period Witch trials in the Early Modern period for Great . A massive annotated listing of recent publications in the area can be found at the Witchcraft Bibliography site Primary sources, with a focus on trials in Germany, and some witchcraft literature . Magic, witches, and demons have drawn interest and fear throughout human history. The earliest trials of the 1560s focused almost exclusively on poor, older women. The witch hunts reached their peak after the biggest witch trials were held in Europe, notably the Trier witch trials (1581-1593), the Fulda witch trials (1603-1606), the Wrzburg witch trial (1626-1631) and the Bamberg witch trials (1626-1631).
The worst of it was that you didn't even have to be a witch to be accused, tortured and executed as one. It's a very Salem-like connection between tragic history and contemporary consumerism.
Salem Witch Trials; Witchcraft . The main primary sources that were used for this research paper were the Samael Wyllys papers, which are a much of documents from Connecticut that contain information of various witch trials throughout the Connecticut area. In 1697, when witchcraft was against the law in Scotland, Paisley saw a famous case of witch-hunting.
The book Hexen und Hexenprozesse (Witches and Witch Trials) states that trials were "intended only to produce a confession by the accused, by means of persuasion, pressure, or force."Torture was common. Trier (1581-1593) Trial of Walpurga Hausmannin of Dillingen (d. 1587) . Binsfeld was elected suffragan bishop of Treves (Trier) and became one of the primary witch hunters behind the trials of 306 persons accused of Witchcraft between 1587 and 1594. But before the Salem witch hunt, there was the "Great Hunt": a larger, more prolonged European phenomenon between . Its historical 4 Sir Hugh Trevor-Roper, The European Witch Craze of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In 17th Century Germany on the brink of the Thirty Years War, 24-year-old Katarina is traded to the patrician Sebald Tucher by her fianc Willi Prutt in order to pay his debts. The family consisted of father Paulus, mother Anna, two older sons Jacob and Gumpprecht, and the youngest son, ten-year-old Hoel. 'Ensayos (Trials)' by Francisco Goya, part of the Los caprichos series criticising Spanish superstitions, 1797-1798.
Primary sources. Witchcraft Collection "The Culpability of James VI of Scotland, later James I of England, in the North Berwick witchcraft trials of 1590-91."
This woodcut depicts alleged events of 1590-1, including the king's ship .
The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history.
But before the Salem witch hunt, there was the "Great Hunt": a larger, more prolonged European phenomenon between . Trials (Witchcraft) Germany. Trier Witch Trials (Germany, 1581 - 1593) Fulda Witch Trials (Germany, 1603 - 1606) Basque Witch Trials (Spain, 1609 onwards) Wrzburg Witch Trial (Germany, 1626 - 1631) Bamberg Witch Trial (Germany, 1626 - 1631) North Berwick Witch Trial (Scotland, 1590). Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles and Susannah Edwards were tried in 1682 in the town of Bideford in Devon.
Lutheranism and experienced witchcraft trials in the years 1620-1630. Dietrich Flade, a court judge, opposed the Trier witch-hunts. This probably represents around 20% of all the trials that took place within the Duchy proper between approximately 1570 and 1632. Further, bad weather in the 1620s was causing crop failures, famine and plague. Creator: no primary creator Bekker, Balthasar, 1634-1698. Across New England, where witch trials occurred somewhat regularly from 1638 until 1725, women vastly outnumbered men in the ranks of the accused and executed. The . Then came the Council of Basel that played a prominent role in the dissemination of witchcraft. When a local doctor was unable to cure the girls, a supernatural cause was suggested and . It was led by Archbishop of Trier, Johann von Schneburg, who ruled through tyranny and cruelty. 13.
It is generally accepted that the European witch hunts took place between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, with the 'craze' reaching its peak during the seventeenth century. "Evil People" : A Comparative Study of Witch Hunts in Swabian Austria and the Electorate of Trier. Anne Llewellyn Barstow has controversially referred to the trials as a 'mass murder of women', while Thea Jensen, even more controversially, dubbed them a . Christian Shaw, the ten-year-old daughter of the laird of Bargarran near Erskine, fell mysteriously ill. Katherine had shouted curses at Christian in a fit of rage, but nowadays we do not think that Christian was bewitched. Individual Cases. If you have any questions, please email us at requests@utorontopress.com. In the early trials of Wiesensteig and Rothenburg, 95 to 100% of the accused fit this stereotype. The majority of the Witchcraft Collection was acquired in the 1880s through the collaborative efforts of Andrew Dickson White, Cornell's first President, and his first librarian, George Lincoln Burr. 1616. however primary line that isolates the offensive force from the . The Master and the Maid; Book One of the Heaven's Pond Trilogy She's lost her work, her home and her freedom. Lher, Hermann, active active 1676. 12 Examples of Witch-Hunts TRIER WITCH TRIALS, GERMANY 1581-1593 Between 1587 and 1593, 368 people were burned for being witches in the Trier district in Germany.
When a person was accused of witchcraft an Indictment would be drawn up, then witnesses would be called,.